Built-in Exceptions
*******************

In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives
from "BaseException".  In a "try" statement with an "except" clause
that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any
exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes
from which *it* is derived).  Two exception classes that are not
related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the
same name.

The built-in exceptions listed in this chapter can be generated by the
interpreter or built-in functions.  Except where mentioned, they have
an "associated value" indicating the detailed cause of the error.
This may be a string or a tuple of several items of information (e.g.,
an error code and a string explaining the code).  The associated value
is usually passed as arguments to the exception class's constructor.

User code can raise built-in exceptions.  This can be used to test an
exception handler or to report an error condition "just like" the
situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but
beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an
inappropriate error.

The built-in exception classes can be subclassed to define new
exceptions; programmers are encouraged to derive new exceptions from
the "Exception" class or one of its subclasses, and not from
"BaseException".  More information on defining exceptions is available
in the Python Tutorial under User-defined Exceptions.


Exception context
=================

Three attributes on exception objects provide information about the
context in which the exception was raised:

BaseException.__context__
BaseException.__cause__
BaseException.__suppress_context__

   When raising a new exception while another exception is already
   being handled, the new exception's "__context__" attribute is
   automatically set to the handled exception.  An exception may be
   handled when an "except" or "finally" clause, or a "with"
   statement, is used.

   This implicit exception context can be supplemented with an
   explicit cause by using "from" with "raise":

      raise new_exc from original_exc

   The expression following "from" must be an exception or "None". It
   will be set as "__cause__" on the raised exception. Setting
   "__cause__" also implicitly sets the "__suppress_context__"
   attribute to "True", so that using "raise new_exc from None"
   effectively replaces the old exception with the new one for display
   purposes (e.g. converting "KeyError" to "AttributeError"), while
   leaving the old exception available in "__context__" for
   introspection when debugging.

   The default traceback display code shows these chained exceptions
   in addition to the traceback for the exception itself. An
   explicitly chained exception in "__cause__" is always shown when
   present. An implicitly chained exception in "__context__" is shown
   only if "__cause__" is "None" and "__suppress_context__" is false.

   In either case, the exception itself is always shown after any
   chained exceptions so that the final line of the traceback always
   shows the last exception that was raised.


Inheriting from built-in exceptions
===================================

User code can create subclasses that inherit from an exception type.
It's recommended to only subclass one exception type at a time to
avoid any possible conflicts between how the bases handle the "args"
attribute, as well as due to possible memory layout incompatibilities.

**CPython implementation detail:** Most built-in exceptions are
implemented in C for efficiency, see: Objects/exceptions.c.  Some have
custom memory layouts which makes it impossible to create a subclass
that inherits from multiple exception types. The memory layout of a
type is an implementation detail and might change between Python
versions, leading to new conflicts in the future.  Therefore, it's
recommended to avoid subclassing multiple exception types altogether.


Base classes
============

The following exceptions are used mostly as base classes for other
exceptions.

exception BaseException

   The base class for all built-in exceptions.  It is not meant to be
   directly inherited by user-defined classes (for that, use
   "Exception").  If "str()" is called on an instance of this class,
   the representation of the argument(s) to the instance are returned,
   or the empty string when there were no arguments.

   args

      The tuple of arguments given to the exception constructor.  Some
      built-in exceptions (like "OSError") expect a certain number of
      arguments and assign a special meaning to the elements of this
      tuple, while others are usually called only with a single string
      giving an error message.

   with_traceback(tb)

      This method sets *tb* as the new traceback for the exception and
      returns the exception object.  It was more commonly used before
      the exception chaining features of **PEP 3134** became
      available.  The following example shows how we can convert an
      instance of "SomeException" into an instance of "OtherException"
      while preserving the traceback.  Once raised, the current frame
      is pushed onto the traceback of the "OtherException", as would
      have happened to the traceback of the original "SomeException"
      had we allowed it to propagate to the caller.

         try:
             ...
         except SomeException:
             tb = sys.exception().__traceback__
             raise OtherException(...).with_traceback(tb)

   __traceback__

      A writable field that holds the traceback object associated with
      this exception. See also: The raise statement.

   add_note(note)

      Add the string "note" to the exception's notes which appear in
      the standard traceback after the exception string. A "TypeError"
      is raised if "note" is not a string.

      Added in version 3.11.

   __notes__

      A list of the notes of this exception, which were added with
      "add_note()". This attribute is created when "add_note()" is
      called.

      Added in version 3.11.

exception Exception

   All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this
   class.  All user-defined exceptions should also be derived from
   this class.

exception ArithmeticError

   The base class for those built-in exceptions that are raised for
   various arithmetic errors: "OverflowError", "ZeroDivisionError",
   "FloatingPointError".

exception BufferError

   Raised when a buffer related operation cannot be performed.

exception LookupError

   The base class for the exceptions that are raised when a key or
   index used on a mapping or sequence is invalid: "IndexError",
   "KeyError".  This can be raised directly by "codecs.lookup()".


Concrete exceptions
===================

The following exceptions are the exceptions that are usually raised.

exception AssertionError

   Raised when an "assert" statement fails.

exception AttributeError

   Raised when an attribute reference (see Attribute references) or
   assignment fails.  (When an object does not support attribute
   references or attribute assignments at all, "TypeError" is raised.)

   The optional *name* and *obj* keyword-only arguments set the
   corresponding attributes:

   name

      The name of the attribute that was attempted to be accessed.

   obj

      The object that was accessed for the named attribute.

   Changed in version 3.10: Added the "name" and "obj" attributes.

exception EOFError

   Raised when the "input()" function hits an end-of-file condition
   (EOF) without reading any data. (Note: the "io.TextIOBase.read()"
   and "io.IOBase.readline()" methods return an empty string when they
   hit EOF.)

exception FloatingPointError

   Not currently used.

exception GeneratorExit

   Raised when a *generator* or *coroutine* is closed; see
   "generator.close()" and "coroutine.close()".  It directly inherits
   from "BaseException" instead of "Exception" since it is technically
   not an error.

exception ImportError

   Raised when the "import" statement has troubles trying to load a
   module.  Also raised when the "from list" in "from ... import" has
   a name that cannot be found.

   The optional *name* and *path* keyword-only arguments set the
   corresponding attributes:

   name

      The name of the module that was attempted to be imported.

   path

      The path to any file which triggered the exception.

   Changed in version 3.3: Added the "name" and "path" attributes.

exception ModuleNotFoundError

   A subclass of "ImportError" which is raised by "import" when a
   module could not be located.  It is also raised when "None" is
   found in "sys.modules".

   Added in version 3.6.

exception IndexError

   Raised when a sequence subscript is out of range.  (Slice indices
   are silently truncated to fall in the allowed range; if an index is
   not an integer, "TypeError" is raised.)

exception KeyError

   Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of
   existing keys.

exception KeyboardInterrupt

   Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally "Control"-"C"
   or "Delete").  During execution, a check for interrupts is made
   regularly. The exception inherits from "BaseException" so as to not
   be accidentally caught by code that catches "Exception" and thus
   prevent the interpreter from exiting.

   Note:

     Catching a "KeyboardInterrupt" requires special consideration.
     Because it can be raised at unpredictable points, it may, in some
     circumstances, leave the running program in an inconsistent
     state. It is generally best to allow "KeyboardInterrupt" to end
     the program as quickly as possible or avoid raising it entirely.
     (See Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions.)

exception MemoryError

   Raised when an operation runs out of memory but the situation may
   still be rescued (by deleting some objects).  The associated value
   is a string indicating what kind of (internal) operation ran out of
   memory. Note that because of the underlying memory management
   architecture (C's "malloc()" function), the interpreter may not
   always be able to completely recover from this situation; it
   nevertheless raises an exception so that a stack traceback can be
   printed, in case a run-away program was the cause.

exception NameError

   Raised when a local or global name is not found.  This applies only
   to unqualified names.  The associated value is an error message
   that includes the name that could not be found.

   The optional *name* keyword-only argument sets the attribute:

   name

      The name of the variable that was attempted to be accessed.

   Changed in version 3.10: Added the "name" attribute.

exception NotImplementedError

   This exception is derived from "RuntimeError".  In user defined
   base classes, abstract methods should raise this exception when
   they require derived classes to override the method, or while the
   class is being developed to indicate that the real implementation
   still needs to be added.

   Note:

     It should not be used to indicate that an operator or method is
     not meant to be supported at all -- in that case either leave the
     operator / method undefined or, if a subclass, set it to "None".

   Caution:

     "NotImplementedError" and "NotImplemented" are not
     interchangeable. This exception should only be used as described
     above; see "NotImplemented" for details on correct usage of the
     built-in constant.

exception OSError([arg])
exception OSError(errno, strerror[, filename[, winerror[, filename2]]])

   This exception is raised when a system function returns a system-
   related error, including I/O failures such as "file not found" or
   "disk full" (not for illegal argument types or other incidental
   errors).

   The second form of the constructor sets the corresponding
   attributes, described below.  The attributes default to "None" if
   not specified.  For backwards compatibility, if three arguments are
   passed, the "args" attribute contains only a 2-tuple of the first
   two constructor arguments.

   The constructor often actually returns a subclass of "OSError", as
   described in OS exceptions below.  The particular subclass depends
   on the final "errno" value.  This behaviour only occurs when
   constructing "OSError" directly or via an alias, and is not
   inherited when subclassing.

   errno

      A numeric error code from the C variable "errno".

   winerror

      Under Windows, this gives you the native Windows error code.
      The "errno" attribute is then an approximate translation, in
      POSIX terms, of that native error code.

      Under Windows, if the *winerror* constructor argument is an
      integer, the "errno" attribute is determined from the Windows
      error code, and the *errno* argument is ignored.  On other
      platforms, the *winerror* argument is ignored, and the
      "winerror" attribute does not exist.

   strerror

      The corresponding error message, as provided by the operating
      system.  It is formatted by the C functions "perror()" under
      POSIX, and "FormatMessage()" under Windows.

   filename
   filename2

      For exceptions that involve a file system path (such as "open()"
      or "os.unlink()"), "filename" is the file name passed to the
      function. For functions that involve two file system paths (such
      as "os.rename()"), "filename2" corresponds to the second file
      name passed to the function.

   Changed in version 3.3: "EnvironmentError", "IOError",
   "WindowsError", "socket.error", "select.error" and "mmap.error"
   have been merged into "OSError", and the constructor may return a
   subclass.

   Changed in version 3.4: The "filename" attribute is now the
   original file name passed to the function, instead of the name
   encoded to or decoded from the *filesystem encoding and error
   handler*. Also, the *filename2* constructor argument and attribute
   was added.

exception OverflowError

   Raised when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to
   be represented.  This cannot occur for integers (which would rather
   raise "MemoryError" than give up).  However, for historical
   reasons, OverflowError is sometimes raised for integers that are
   outside a required range.   Because of the lack of standardization
   of floating-point exception handling in C, most floating-point
   operations are not checked.

exception PythonFinalizationError

   This exception is derived from "RuntimeError".  It is raised when
   an operation is blocked during interpreter shutdown also known as
   *Python finalization*.

   Examples of operations which can be blocked with a
   "PythonFinalizationError" during the Python finalization:

   * Creating a new Python thread.

   * "Joining" a running daemon thread.

   * "os.fork()".

   See also the "sys.is_finalizing()" function.

   Added in version 3.13: Previously, a plain "RuntimeError" was
   raised.

   Changed in version 3.14: "threading.Thread.join()" can now raise
   this exception.

exception RecursionError

   This exception is derived from "RuntimeError".  It is raised when
   the interpreter detects that the maximum recursion depth (see
   "sys.getrecursionlimit()") is exceeded.

   Added in version 3.5: Previously, a plain "RuntimeError" was
   raised.

exception ReferenceError

   This exception is raised when a weak reference proxy, created by
   the "weakref.proxy()" function, is used to access an attribute of
   the referent after it has been garbage collected. For more
   information on weak references, see the "weakref" module.

exception RuntimeError

   Raised when an error is detected that doesn't fall in any of the
   other categories.  The associated value is a string indicating what
   precisely went wrong.

exception StopIteration

   Raised by built-in function "next()" and an *iterator*'s
   "__next__()" method to signal that there are no further items
   produced by the iterator.

   value

      The exception object has a single attribute "value", which is
      given as an argument when constructing the exception, and
      defaults to "None".

   When a *generator* or *coroutine* function returns, a new
   "StopIteration" instance is raised, and the value returned by the
   function is used as the "value" parameter to the constructor of the
   exception.

   If a generator code directly or indirectly raises "StopIteration",
   it is converted into a "RuntimeError" (retaining the
   "StopIteration" as the new exception's cause).

   Changed in version 3.3: Added "value" attribute and the ability for
   generator functions to use it to return a value.

   Changed in version 3.5: Introduced the RuntimeError transformation
   via "from __future__ import generator_stop", see **PEP 479**.

   Changed in version 3.7: Enable **PEP 479** for all code by default:
   a "StopIteration" error raised in a generator is transformed into a
   "RuntimeError".

exception StopAsyncIteration

   Must be raised by "__anext__()" method of an *asynchronous
   iterator* object to stop the iteration.

   Added in version 3.5.

exception SyntaxError(message, details)

   Raised when the parser encounters a syntax error.  This may occur
   in an "import" statement, in a call to the built-in functions
   "compile()", "exec()", or "eval()", or when reading the initial
   script or standard input (also interactively).

   The "str()" of the exception instance returns only the error
   message. Details is a tuple whose members are also available as
   separate attributes.

   filename

      The name of the file the syntax error occurred in.

   lineno

      Which line number in the file the error occurred in. This is
      1-indexed: the first line in the file has a "lineno" of 1.

   offset

      The column in the line where the error occurred. This is
      1-indexed: the first character in the line has an "offset" of 1.

   text

      The source code text involved in the error.

   end_lineno

      Which line number in the file the error occurred ends in. This
      is 1-indexed: the first line in the file has a "lineno" of 1.

   end_offset

      The column in the end line where the error occurred finishes.
      This is 1-indexed: the first character in the line has an
      "offset" of 1.

   For errors in f-string fields, the message is prefixed by
   "f-string: " and the offsets are offsets in a text constructed from
   the replacement expression.  For example, compiling f'Bad {a b}
   field' results in this args attribute: ('f-string: ...', ('', 1, 2,
   '(a b)n', 1, 5)).

   Changed in version 3.10: Added the "end_lineno" and "end_offset"
   attributes.

exception IndentationError

   Base class for syntax errors related to incorrect indentation.
   This is a subclass of "SyntaxError".

exception TabError

   Raised when indentation contains an inconsistent use of tabs and
   spaces. This is a subclass of "IndentationError".

exception SystemError

   Raised when the interpreter finds an internal error, but the
   situation does not look so serious to cause it to abandon all hope.
   The associated value is a string indicating what went wrong (in
   low-level terms). In *CPython*, this could be raised by incorrectly
   using Python's C API, such as returning a "NULL" value without an
   exception set.

   If you're confident that this exception wasn't your fault, or the
   fault of a package you're using, you should report this to the
   author or maintainer of your Python interpreter. Be sure to report
   the version of the Python interpreter ("sys.version"; it is also
   printed at the start of an interactive Python session), the exact
   error message (the exception's associated value) and if possible
   the source of the program that triggered the error.

exception SystemExit

   This exception is raised by the "sys.exit()" function.  It inherits
   from "BaseException" instead of "Exception" so that it is not
   accidentally caught by code that catches "Exception".  This allows
   the exception to properly propagate up and cause the interpreter to
   exit.  When it is not handled, the Python interpreter exits; no
   stack traceback is printed.  The constructor accepts the same
   optional argument passed to "sys.exit()". If the value is an
   integer, it specifies the system exit status (passed to C's
   "exit()" function); if it is "None", the exit status is zero; if it
   has another type (such as a string), the object's value is printed
   and the exit status is one.

   A call to "sys.exit()" is translated into an exception so that
   clean-up handlers ("finally" clauses of "try" statements) can be
   executed, and so that a debugger can execute a script without
   running the risk of losing control.  The "os._exit()" function can
   be used if it is absolutely positively necessary to exit
   immediately (for example, in the child process after a call to
   "os.fork()").

   code

      The exit status or error message that is passed to the
      constructor. (Defaults to "None".)

exception TypeError

   Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of
   inappropriate type.  The associated value is a string giving
   details about the type mismatch.

   This exception may be raised by user code to indicate that an
   attempted operation on an object is not supported, and is not meant
   to be. If an object is meant to support a given operation but has
   not yet provided an implementation, "NotImplementedError" is the
   proper exception to raise.

   Passing arguments of the wrong type (e.g. passing a "list" when an
   "int" is expected) should result in a "TypeError", but passing
   arguments with the wrong value (e.g. a number outside expected
   boundaries) should result in a "ValueError".

exception UnboundLocalError

   Raised when a reference is made to a local variable in a function
   or method, but no value has been bound to that variable.  This is a
   subclass of "NameError".

exception UnicodeError

   Raised when a Unicode-related encoding or decoding error occurs.
   It is a subclass of "ValueError".

   "UnicodeError" has attributes that describe the encoding or
   decoding error.  For example, "err.object[err.start:err.end]" gives
   the particular invalid input that the codec failed on.

   encoding

      The name of the encoding that raised the error.

   reason

      A string describing the specific codec error.

   object

      The object the codec was attempting to encode or decode.

   start

      The first index of invalid data in "object".

      This value should not be negative as it is interpreted as an
      absolute offset but this constraint is not enforced at runtime.

   end

      The index after the last invalid data in "object".

      This value should not be negative as it is interpreted as an
      absolute offset but this constraint is not enforced at runtime.

exception UnicodeEncodeError

   Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during encoding.  It is
   a subclass of "UnicodeError".

exception UnicodeDecodeError

   Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during decoding.  It is
   a subclass of "UnicodeError".

exception UnicodeTranslateError

   Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during translating.  It
   is a subclass of "UnicodeError".

exception ValueError

   Raised when an operation or function receives an argument that has
   the right type but an inappropriate value, and the situation is not
   described by a more precise exception such as "IndexError".

exception ZeroDivisionError

   Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation
   is zero.  The associated value is a string indicating the type of
   the operands and the operation.

The following exceptions are kept for compatibility with previous
versions; starting from Python 3.3, they are aliases of "OSError".

exception EnvironmentError

exception IOError

exception WindowsError

   Only available on Windows.


OS exceptions
-------------

The following exceptions are subclasses of "OSError", they get raised
depending on the system error code.

exception BlockingIOError

   Raised when an operation would block on an object (e.g. socket) set
   for non-blocking operation. Corresponds to "errno" "EAGAIN",
   "EALREADY", "EWOULDBLOCK" and "EINPROGRESS".

   In addition to those of "OSError", "BlockingIOError" can have one
   more attribute:

   characters_written

      An integer containing the number of **bytes** written to the
      stream before it blocked. This attribute is available when using
      the buffered I/O classes from the "io" module.

exception ChildProcessError

   Raised when an operation on a child process failed. Corresponds to
   "errno" "ECHILD".

exception ConnectionError

   A base class for connection-related issues.

   Subclasses are "BrokenPipeError", "ConnectionAbortedError",
   "ConnectionRefusedError" and "ConnectionResetError".

exception BrokenPipeError

   A subclass of "ConnectionError", raised when trying to write on a
   pipe while the other end has been closed, or trying to write on a
   socket which has been shutdown for writing. Corresponds to "errno"
   "EPIPE" and "ESHUTDOWN".

exception ConnectionAbortedError

   A subclass of "ConnectionError", raised when a connection attempt
   is aborted by the peer. Corresponds to "errno" "ECONNABORTED".

exception ConnectionRefusedError

   A subclass of "ConnectionError", raised when a connection attempt
   is refused by the peer. Corresponds to "errno" "ECONNREFUSED".

exception ConnectionResetError

   A subclass of "ConnectionError", raised when a connection is reset
   by the peer. Corresponds to "errno" "ECONNRESET".

exception FileExistsError

   Raised when trying to create a file or directory which already
   exists. Corresponds to "errno" "EEXIST".

exception FileNotFoundError

   Raised when a file or directory is requested but doesn't exist.
   Corresponds to "errno" "ENOENT".

exception InterruptedError

   Raised when a system call is interrupted by an incoming signal.
   Corresponds to "errno" "EINTR".

   Changed in version 3.5: Python now retries system calls when a
   syscall is interrupted by a signal, except if the signal handler
   raises an exception (see **PEP 475** for the rationale), instead of
   raising "InterruptedError".

exception IsADirectoryError

   Raised when a file operation (such as "os.remove()") is requested
   on a directory. Corresponds to "errno" "EISDIR".

exception NotADirectoryError

   Raised when a directory operation (such as "os.listdir()") is
   requested on something which is not a directory.  On most POSIX
   platforms, it may also be raised if an operation attempts to open
   or traverse a non-directory file as if it were a directory.
   Corresponds to "errno" "ENOTDIR".

exception PermissionError

   Raised when trying to run an operation without the adequate access
   rights - for example filesystem permissions. Corresponds to "errno"
   "EACCES", "EPERM", and "ENOTCAPABLE".

   Changed in version 3.11.1: WASI's "ENOTCAPABLE" is now mapped to
   "PermissionError".

exception ProcessLookupError

   Raised when a given process doesn't exist. Corresponds to "errno"
   "ESRCH".

exception TimeoutError

   Raised when a system function timed out at the system level.
   Corresponds to "errno" "ETIMEDOUT".

Added in version 3.3: All the above "OSError" subclasses were added.

See also: **PEP 3151** - Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy


Warnings
========

The following exceptions are used as warning categories; see the
Warning Categories documentation for more details.

exception Warning

   Base class for warning categories.

exception UserWarning

   Base class for warnings generated by user code.

exception DeprecationWarning

   Base class for warnings about deprecated features when those
   warnings are intended for other Python developers.

   Ignored by the default warning filters, except in the "__main__"
   module (**PEP 565**). Enabling the Python Development Mode shows
   this warning.

   The deprecation policy is described in **PEP 387**.

exception PendingDeprecationWarning

   Base class for warnings about features which are obsolete and
   expected to be deprecated in the future, but are not deprecated at
   the moment.

   This class is rarely used as emitting a warning about a possible
   upcoming deprecation is unusual, and "DeprecationWarning" is
   preferred for already active deprecations.

   Ignored by the default warning filters. Enabling the Python
   Development Mode shows this warning.

   The deprecation policy is described in **PEP 387**.

exception SyntaxWarning

   Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.

   This warning is typically emitted when compiling Python source
   code, and usually won't be reported when running already compiled
   code.

exception RuntimeWarning

   Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.

exception FutureWarning

   Base class for warnings about deprecated features when those
   warnings are intended for end users of applications that are
   written in Python.

exception ImportWarning

   Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports.

   Ignored by the default warning filters. Enabling the Python
   Development Mode shows this warning.

exception UnicodeWarning

   Base class for warnings related to Unicode.

exception EncodingWarning

   Base class for warnings related to encodings.

   See Opt-in EncodingWarning for details.

   Added in version 3.10.

exception BytesWarning

   Base class for warnings related to "bytes" and "bytearray".

exception ResourceWarning

   Base class for warnings related to resource usage.

   Ignored by the default warning filters. Enabling the Python
   Development Mode shows this warning.

   Added in version 3.2.


Exception groups
================

The following are used when it is necessary to raise multiple
unrelated exceptions. They are part of the exception hierarchy so they
can be handled with "except" like all other exceptions. In addition,
they are recognised by "except*", which matches their subgroups based
on the types of the contained exceptions.

exception ExceptionGroup(msg, excs)

exception BaseExceptionGroup(msg, excs)

   Both of these exception types wrap the exceptions in the sequence
   "excs". The "msg" parameter must be a string. The difference
   between the two classes is that "BaseExceptionGroup" extends
   "BaseException" and it can wrap any exception, while
   "ExceptionGroup" extends "Exception" and it can only wrap
   subclasses of "Exception". This design is so that "except
   Exception" catches an "ExceptionGroup" but not
   "BaseExceptionGroup".

   The "BaseExceptionGroup" constructor returns an "ExceptionGroup"
   rather than a "BaseExceptionGroup" if all contained exceptions are
   "Exception" instances, so it can be used to make the selection
   automatic. The "ExceptionGroup" constructor, on the other hand,
   raises a "TypeError" if any contained exception is not an
   "Exception" subclass.

   **CPython implementation detail:** The "excs" parameter may be any
   sequence, but lists and tuples are specifically processed more
   efficiently here. For optimal performance, pass a tuple as "excs".

   message

      The "msg" argument to the constructor. This is a read-only
      attribute.

   exceptions

      A tuple of the exceptions in the "excs" sequence given to the
      constructor. This is a read-only attribute.

   subgroup(condition)

      Returns an exception group that contains only the exceptions
      from the current group that match *condition*, or "None" if the
      result is empty.

      The condition can be an exception type or tuple of exception
      types, in which case each exception is checked for a match using
      the same check that is used in an "except" clause.  The
      condition can also be a callable (other than a type object) that
      accepts an exception as its single argument and returns true for
      the exceptions that should be in the subgroup.

      The nesting structure of the current exception is preserved in
      the result, as are the values of its "message", "__traceback__",
      "__cause__", "__context__" and "__notes__" fields. Empty nested
      groups are omitted from the result.

      The condition is checked for all exceptions in the nested
      exception group, including the top-level and any nested
      exception groups. If the condition is true for such an exception
      group, it is included in the result in full.

      Added in version 3.13: "condition" can be any callable which is
      not a type object.

   split(condition)

      Like "subgroup()", but returns the pair "(match, rest)" where
      "match" is "subgroup(condition)" and "rest" is the remaining
      non-matching part.

   derive(excs)

      Returns an exception group with the same "message", but which
      wraps the exceptions in "excs".

      This method is used by "subgroup()" and "split()", which are
      used in various contexts to break up an exception group. A
      subclass needs to override it in order to make "subgroup()" and
      "split()" return instances of the subclass rather than
      "ExceptionGroup".

      "subgroup()" and "split()" copy the "__traceback__",
      "__cause__", "__context__" and "__notes__" fields from the
      original exception group to the one returned by "derive()", so
      these fields do not need to be updated by "derive()".

         >>> class MyGroup(ExceptionGroup):
         ...     def derive(self, excs):
         ...         return MyGroup(self.message, excs)
         ...
         >>> e = MyGroup("eg", [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])
         >>> e.add_note("a note")
         >>> e.__context__ = Exception("context")
         >>> e.__cause__ = Exception("cause")
         >>> try:
         ...    raise e
         ... except Exception as e:
         ...    exc = e
         ...
         >>> match, rest = exc.split(ValueError)
         >>> exc, exc.__context__, exc.__cause__, exc.__notes__
         (MyGroup('eg', [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]), Exception('context'), Exception('cause'), ['a note'])
         >>> match, match.__context__, match.__cause__, match.__notes__
         (MyGroup('eg', [ValueError(1)]), Exception('context'), Exception('cause'), ['a note'])
         >>> rest, rest.__context__, rest.__cause__, rest.__notes__
         (MyGroup('eg', [TypeError(2)]), Exception('context'), Exception('cause'), ['a note'])
         >>> exc.__traceback__ is match.__traceback__ is rest.__traceback__
         True

   Note that "BaseExceptionGroup" defines "__new__()", so subclasses
   that need a different constructor signature need to override that
   rather than "__init__()". For example, the following defines an
   exception group subclass which accepts an exit_code and constructs
   the group's message from it.

      class Errors(ExceptionGroup):
         def __new__(cls, errors, exit_code):
            self = super().__new__(Errors, f"exit code: {exit_code}", errors)
            self.exit_code = exit_code
            return self

         def derive(self, excs):
            return Errors(excs, self.exit_code)

   Like "ExceptionGroup", any subclass of "BaseExceptionGroup" which
   is also a subclass of "Exception" can only wrap instances of
   "Exception".

   Added in version 3.11.


Exception hierarchy
===================

The class hierarchy for built-in exceptions is:

   BaseException
    ├── BaseExceptionGroup
    ├── GeneratorExit
    ├── KeyboardInterrupt
    ├── SystemExit
    └── Exception
         ├── ArithmeticError
         │    ├── FloatingPointError
         │    ├── OverflowError
         │    └── ZeroDivisionError
         ├── AssertionError
         ├── AttributeError
         ├── BufferError
         ├── EOFError
         ├── ExceptionGroup [BaseExceptionGroup]
         ├── ImportError
         │    └── ModuleNotFoundError
         ├── LookupError
         │    ├── IndexError
         │    └── KeyError
         ├── MemoryError
         ├── NameError
         │    └── UnboundLocalError
         ├── OSError
         │    ├── BlockingIOError
         │    ├── ChildProcessError
         │    ├── ConnectionError
         │    │    ├── BrokenPipeError
         │    │    ├── ConnectionAbortedError
         │    │    ├── ConnectionRefusedError
         │    │    └── ConnectionResetError
         │    ├── FileExistsError
         │    ├── FileNotFoundError
         │    ├── InterruptedError
         │    ├── IsADirectoryError
         │    ├── NotADirectoryError
         │    ├── PermissionError
         │    ├── ProcessLookupError
         │    └── TimeoutError
         ├── ReferenceError
         ├── RuntimeError
         │    ├── NotImplementedError
         │    ├── PythonFinalizationError
         │    └── RecursionError
         ├── StopAsyncIteration
         ├── StopIteration
         ├── SyntaxError
         │    └── IndentationError
         │         └── TabError
         ├── SystemError
         ├── TypeError
         ├── ValueError
         │    └── UnicodeError
         │         ├── UnicodeDecodeError
         │         ├── UnicodeEncodeError
         │         └── UnicodeTranslateError
         └── Warning
              ├── BytesWarning
              ├── DeprecationWarning
              ├── EncodingWarning
              ├── FutureWarning
              ├── ImportWarning
              ├── PendingDeprecationWarning
              ├── ResourceWarning
              ├── RuntimeWarning
              ├── SyntaxWarning
              ├── UnicodeWarning
              └── UserWarning
